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Developing Evaluation Questions

Good evaluations start with a set of important questions that you or someone else will try to answer with the data that are collected. Developing effective evaluation questions should be a group endeavor. Bring your staff together to discuss your program’s intended program and outcome goals. The group can then discuss whether—and how—your planned activities and processes will lead to the realization of these goals or outcomes. Spend some time developing the milestones or benchmarks that must be reached along the way. These benchmarks will help you decide what you should be seeing in the short term and the long term to help you reach your goals and can guide you in developing appropriate evaluation questions that are aligned with your program activities and goals. Spending time in the development of sound evaluation questions and an associated evaluation plan increases the likelihood that your evaluation will yield convincing evidence about how your program has succeeded, as well as information that you can use to improve it.

Consider your program’s goals, whether funders require you to report on specific information (e.g., levels of participation, program quality, or youth outcomes), and the range and nature of the activities you offer. Are you serving more young people or are youth accessing your program more often and attending in higher numbers than before? Perhaps you are interested in understanding if some activities are more effective than others. What changes in youth knowledge, attitudes, or behaviors do you expect (or hope) will result from their participation in program activities? Are some activities more popular than others? What do participation levels tell us about the quality and the popularity of programs? Are you interested in knowing more about the quality of your programs or if some aspects of your program are stronger than others? What strategies are your staff members using to engage youth in activities?

Developing Indicators to Measure Program Goals
 

As you start thinking about your evaluation questions, consider the goals you developed for your program (which you recorded in the Tool 37: Goal Setting Worksheet in the section on program design) and your intended outcomes (which you recorded in Tool 40: Logic Model Planning Tool). Are you looking to increase access to opportunities for youth? Would you like to help your local school improve academic achievement by improving youth motivation or school attendance? Do you want to help young people develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills? Become more connected to their community? Have stronger social and interpersonal skills?

To determine whether you are reaching your goals and to answer your evaluation questions, your evaluation will need to collect evidence. An important source of evidence is indicators - quantified measurements that can be taken repeatedly to track progress. It is important that you identify specific indicators that you can use to track progress in meeting program goals and answer evaluation questions. When choosing indicators, ask yourself if the indicator is relevant. Does it tell you anything about the expected result or condition you are seeking to find? Will this indicator provide sufficient information to convince both supporters and skeptics? Are data for this indicator currently being collected? If not, can cost-effective or simple mechanisms for data collection be developed? You can use Tool 84: Indicators for Program Goals to help generate your list and answer some of these questions about each indicator. Remember that you may decide to look at only a few of the indicators you identify during the brainstorming process.

Ideally, your program goals and indicators will align with your program activities. That is the purpose of developing a logic model and building in evaluation from the outset. Select goals and indicators that you think your program is working toward accomplishing. If you are still in the early stages of developing your program activities, you may choose a goal or indicator first and then design an activity that works toward accomplishing that goal. However, if your program is already well established, be sure to identify goals and indicators that match your activities.